KEPEMIMPINAN ALI BIN ABI THALIB DAN PENERAPAN TAHKIM DALAM PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK: ANALISIS KASUS PERTEMPURAN SIFFIN DENGAN PENDEKATAN HUKUM EMPIRIS DAN PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Abstract
Abstrak. Kepemimpinan Ali bin Abi Thalib merupakan periode penting dalam sejarah Islam, terutama sebagai Khalifah keempat setelah periode kepemimpinan Abu Bakar, Umar bin Khattab, dan Utsman bin Affan.[1] Ali bin Abi Thalib dikenal dengan kepemimpinannya yang penuh upaya mempertahankan keadilan dan menyelesaikan konflik secara damai. Salah satu peristiwa penting pada masa kepemimpinannya adalah Pertempuran Siffin pada tahun 657 Masehi, yang merupakan konflik besar antara pasukan yang loyal kepada Ali dan pasukan yang dipimpin oleh Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan, gubernur Syria. Setelah berlangsungnya Pertempuran Siffin,[2] kedua belah pihak mengalami banyak korban dan situasi menjadi semakin tegang. Untuk menghindari lebih banyak pertumpahan darah di antara umat Muslim, Ali mengajukan usulan arbitrase (tahkim) kepada Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan untuk menyelesaikan konflik secara damai.[3] Tahkim pada masa Ali bin Abi Thalib melibatkan konteks yang kompleks dan penting dalam sejarah Islam awal, dan dianggap sebagai alternatif yang lebih baik daripada melanjutkan pertempuran yang merusak persatuan umat Islam. Dalam menangani perselisihan di antara umat Islam pada masanya, Ali memandang arbitrase sebagai mekanisme utama untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara pihak-pihak yang berselisih, mencerminkan pentingnya hukum dan penegakan keadilan dalam pemerintahannya. Proses arbitrase ini kemudian dipandu oleh para ahli hukum dan ulama dari kedua pihak untuk mencapai penyelesaian yang adil dan diterima oleh kedua belah pihak. Dengan demikian, tahkim pada masa Ali bin Abi Thalib tidak hanya menjadi mekanisme formal untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan, tetapi juga mencerminkan kebijaksanaan politik dan keadilan yang dimiliki oleh Ali dalam mengelola konflik-konflik internal umat Islam pada masanya. Penggunaan arbitrase oleh Ali tidak hanya menjadi contoh bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan untuk menyelesaikan konflik, tetapi juga menunjukkan komitmen beliau terhadap nilai-nilai keadilan, penegakan hukum, dan perdamaian dalam pemerintahannya sebagai Khalifah. Latar belakang ini menunjukkan pentingnya tahkim pada masa Ali bin Abi Thalib sebagai bagian integral dari sejarah peradaban Islam awal dan relevansinya dalam konteks sejarah, sosial, dan politik saat itu.
Kata Kunci: Ali bin Abi Thalib, Kepemimpinan, Pertempuran Siffin, Tahkim, Arbitrase, Keadilan, Hukum Islam, Penyelesaian Konflik, Sejarah Islam, Stabilitas Umat.
Abstract. Ali bin Abi Talib's leadership was an important period in Islamic history, especially as the fourth Caliph after the leadership of Abu Bakar, Umar bin Khattab, and Uthman bin Affan. Ali bin Abi Talib is known for his leadership which is full of efforts to maintain justice and resolve conflicts peacefully. One of the important events during his leadership was the Battle of Siffin in 657 AD, which was a major conflict between troops loyal to Ali and troops led by Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan, the governor of Syria. After the Battle of Siffin, both sides suffered heavy casualties and the situation became increasingly tense. To avoid more bloodshed among Muslims, Ali submitted a proposal for arbitration (tahkim) to Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan to resolve the conflict peacefully. Tahkim during the time of Ali bin Abi Talib involved a complex and important context in early Islamic history, and was considered a better alternative than continuing fighting that damaged the unity of the Muslim community. In dealing with disputes between Muslims in his time, Ali viewed arbitration as the main mechanism for resolving conflicts between disputing parties, reflecting the importance of law and upholding justice in his government. This arbitration process is then guided by legal experts and clerics from both parties to reach a resolution that is fair and acceptable to both parties. Thus, tahkim during Ali bin Abi Talib's time was not only a formal mechanism for resolving disputes, but also reflected Ali's political wisdom and justice in managing internal conflicts among Muslims during his time. Ali's use of arbitration is not only an example of how Islamic law is applied to resolve conflicts, but also shows his commitment to the values of justice, law enforcement and peace in his reign as Caliph. This background shows the importance of tahkim during the time of Ali bin Abi Talib as an integral part of the history of early Islamic civilization and its relevance in the historical, social and political context of that time.
Keywords: Ali bin Abi Talib, Leadership, Battle of Siffin, Tahkim, Arbitration, Justice, Islamic Law, Conflict Resolution, Islamic History, Stability of the Ummah.
[1] https://ejournal.unhasy.ac.id/index.php/el-islam/article/download/761/614
[2] https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/07/07/110000579/perang-shiffin--penyebab-kronologi-dan-dampak?page=all
[3] http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/10373/1/Arbitrase%20Menjadi%20Penyebab%20Timbulnya%20Sekte%20dalam%20Islam.pdf
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.32502/mh.v2i2.8487
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