Email this article A Biomolecular Review of the Effects of Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Exercise on Bone.
Abstract
Kerusakan tulang seperti osteopenia dan osteoporosis merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang prevalensinya terus meningkat, terutama pada wanita pascamenopause dan populasi lanjut usia. Aktivitas fisik berbeban (weight-bearing exercise) diketahui memberikan stimulus mekanik penting dalam mempertahankan homeostasis tulang, namun perbedaan mekanisme biomolekuler antara latihan weight-bearing dan non weight-bearing masih perlu dipahami secara komprehensif. Tinjauan ini bertujuan menganalisis secara mendalam perbedaan respons biomolekuler kedua jenis latihan terhadap regulasi remodeling tulang. Metode tinjauan dilakukan melalui evaluasi literatur ilmiah terbaru mengenai mekanotransduksi dan jalur sinyal terkait, termasuk Wnt/?-catenin, RANKL–RANK–OPG, MAPK/ERK, dan PI3K/Akt. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa weight-bearing exercise menghasilkan tekanan aksial dan fluid shear stress tinggi yang menstimulasi integrin, Piezo 1, dan primary cilium pada osteosit, menurunkan sklerostin, serta mengaktifkan jalur Wnt/?-catenin yang meningkatkan diferensiasi osteoblas dan menekan osteoklas melalui peningkatan rasio OPG/RANKL. Aktivasi jalur MAPK/ERK dan PI3K/Akt juga memperkuat sintesis matriks tulang dan menjaga viabilitas sel. Sebaliknya, olahraga non weight-bearing hanya menimbulkan stimulus mekanik minimal sehingga aktivasi jalur anabolik tulang berlangsung parsial dan tidak meningkatkan densitas mineral tulang secara bermakna. Kesimpulannya, olahraga weight-bearing memberikan efek biomolekuler yang lebih kuat dalam mencegah kerusakan tulang dibandingkan olahraga non weight-bearing, sehingga layak dipertimbangkan sebagai strategi pencegahan osteoporosis yang efektif.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.32502/sm.v16i2.10562
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